{"id":2579,"date":"2015-09-24T13:40:03","date_gmt":"2015-09-24T13:40:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ncchpp.wpengine.com\/webinaire-lethique-en-sante-publique-dans-la-pratique-appliquer-des-cadres-de-reference-a-des-cas\/"},"modified":"2022-02-08T19:15:37","modified_gmt":"2022-02-08T19:15:37","slug":"webinaire-lethique-en-sante-publique-dans-la-pratique-appliquer-des-cadres-de-reference-a-des-cas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ccnpps-ncchpp.ca\/fr\/webinaire-lethique-en-sante-publique-dans-la-pratique-appliquer-des-cadres-de-reference-a-des-cas\/","title":{"rendered":"Webinaire \u2013 L\u2019\u00e9thique en sant\u00e9 publique dans la pratique : appliquer des cadres de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 des cas"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section fb_built=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb3.27.4&Prime;][et_pb_row column_structure=\u00a0\u00bb3_4,1_4&Prime; _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb3.27.4&Prime; background_size=\u00a0\u00bbinitial\u00a0\u00bb background_position=\u00a0\u00bbtop_left\u00a0\u00bb background_repeat=\u00a0\u00bbrepeat\u00a0\u00bb custom_margin=\u00a0\u00bb-61px|auto||auto||\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb||0px|||\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb3_4&Prime; _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb3.25&Prime; custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb|||\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding__hover=\u00a0\u00bb|||\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb3.27.4&Prime; background_size=\u00a0\u00bbinitial\u00a0\u00bb background_position=\u00a0\u00bbtop_left\u00a0\u00bb background_repeat=\u00a0\u00bbrepeat\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb||0px|||\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n<p>Durant ce webinaire interactif, nous\u00a0avons pr\u00e9sent\u00e9\u00a0aux participants :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Les principales caract\u00e9ristiques et fonctions des cadres d&rsquo;\u00e9thique en sant\u00e9 publique;<\/li>\n<li>Deux r\u00e9sum\u00e9s de cadres d&rsquo;\u00e9thique de sant\u00e9 publique;<\/li>\n<li>Des cas (provenant de la pratique de la sant\u00e9 publique et des politiques publiques favorables \u00e0 la sant\u00e9) sur lesquels des cadres ont \u00e9t\u00e9 appliqu\u00e9s pour guider la d\u00e9lib\u00e9ration.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Une portion importante du webinaire servait \u00e0 traiter de mani\u00e8re plus approfondie d&rsquo;un cadre et d&rsquo;un cas. Les participants\u00a0ont \u00a0ainsi eu la chance d&rsquo;assister et de contribuer \u00e0 l&rsquo;application d&rsquo;un cadre \u00e0 un cas pour identifier des enjeux \u00e9thiques et d\u00e9lib\u00e9rer en vue de prendre une d\u00e9cision.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Pr\u00e9sentateurs<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Olivier Bellefleur et Michael Keeling<br \/>Agents de recherche, CCNPPS<\/p>\n<p><strong>Post-scriptum\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><\/strong>Tout au long du webinaire, les participants ont pos\u00e9 d&rsquo;excellentes questions et nous avons parfois manqu\u00e9 de temps pour\u00a0y r\u00e9pondre. Comme nous pensons que certaines d&rsquo;entre elles peuvent \u00eatre d&rsquo;int\u00e9r\u00eat g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, nous en avons s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9 cinq auxquelles nous avons bri\u00e8vement r\u00e9pondu ci-dessous. Trois d&rsquo;entre elles proviennent de la version anglaise du webinaire ; elles ont donc \u00e9t\u00e9 traduites de l&rsquo;anglais. Toutes les questions et les commentaires formul\u00e9s durant le webinaire sont accessibles dans la bo\u00eete de dialogue de l&rsquo;enregistrement dont le lien appara\u00eet ci-dessus. Merci \u00e0 tous les participants d&rsquo;avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 aussi actifs.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Question 1<br \/>\u00ab Nous avons quelquefois des situations qui surviennent et qui exigent une d\u00e9cision passablement rapide. Le d\u00e9veloppement d&rsquo;un mod\u00e8le logique prend souvent trop de temps et nous visons alors l&rsquo;utilisation rapide de notre outil de d\u00e9cision \u00e9thique. Est-ce appropri\u00e9? \u00bb <\/strong><br \/>Le contexte de la prise de d\u00e9cision et le temps que celui-ci permet pour la r\u00e9flexion et la d\u00e9lib\u00e9ration \u00e9thique sont \u00e9videmment des \u00e9l\u00e9ments qui influenceront le type d&rsquo;outil qu&rsquo;il sera appropri\u00e9 d&rsquo;utiliser. Lors de notre pr\u00e9sentation, nous avons utilis\u00e9 un mod\u00e8le logique tr\u00e8s simple pour tenter de rendre explicite notre compr\u00e9hension du fonctionnement d&rsquo;une intervention et faciliter ensuite l&rsquo;\u00e9valuation de son efficacit\u00e9 et la d\u00e9termination des enjeux \u00e9thiques que chacune des \u00e9tapes de l&rsquo;intervention pouvait soulever. Il s&rsquo;agit d&rsquo;un outil compl\u00e9mentaire que nous trouvons utile, m\u00eame lorsque le mod\u00e8le logique en question est esquiss\u00e9 tr\u00e8s rapidement et seulement dans ses grandes lignes. Cela dit, \u00e0 notre connaissance, aucun cadre de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence en \u00e9thique de la sant\u00e9 publique ne demande d&rsquo;en faire un, et nous ne voulions surtout pas donner l&rsquo;impression qu&rsquo;il est n\u00e9cessaire de construire un mod\u00e8le logique pour bien analyser les enjeux \u00e9thiques d&rsquo;un cas. Donc, pour r\u00e9pondre plus directement \u00e0 votre question, si votre outil vous aide \u00e0 prendre la d\u00e9cision la plus \u00e9clair\u00e9e possible dans un contexte o\u00f9 le temps est fortement limit\u00e9, nous pensons qu&rsquo;il est appropri\u00e9 de l&rsquo;utiliser et de ne pas limiter le temps de r\u00e9flexion et de d\u00e9lib\u00e9ration en ajoutant un autre outil \u00e0 la proc\u00e9dure de prise de d\u00e9cision.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Question 2<br \/>\u00ab En analysant le cadre, ceci a l&rsquo;aspect d&rsquo;un ordinogramme donc fort rapproch\u00e9 \u00e0 l&rsquo;id\u00e9e d&rsquo;un algorithme. Pouvez-vous vraiment argumenter en quoi un cadre n&rsquo;est pas un algorithme. \u00bb<br \/><\/strong>Durant le webinaire, nous avons mentionn\u00e9 \u00e0 quelques reprises que les cadres de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence ne sont pas des algorithmes et qu&rsquo;ils ne devraient pas \u00eatre trait\u00e9s comme tels. C&rsquo;est vrai, cependant, qu&rsquo;ils peuvent en donner l&rsquo;impression en proposant une s\u00e9rie de questions ou de principes \u00e0 consid\u00e9rer, parfois selon un ordre ou des \u00e9tapes pr\u00e9cis. Certains sont \u00e9galement plus directifs quant \u00e0 ce qu&rsquo;il faut faire lorsque des tensions entre des principes ou des valeurs sp\u00e9cifiques sont r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9es. Mais, contrairement \u00e0 un algorithme, un cadre n&rsquo;indiquera pas, par lui-m\u00eame, la \u00ab bonne \u00bb d\u00e9cision \u00e0 prendre. Les cadres sont plut\u00f4t des outils qui fournissent des points de rep\u00e8re \u00e9thique pour soulever des enjeux, y r\u00e9fl\u00e9chir et en d\u00e9battre. \u00c0 notre avis, l&rsquo;essentiel est, d&rsquo;une part, d&rsquo;adopter une perspective critique qui peut servir de lentille pour penser et d\u00e9lib\u00e9rer, et, d&rsquo;autre part, d&rsquo;avoir une compr\u00e9hension g\u00e9n\u00e9rale des raisons pour lesquelles on m\u00e8ne une analyse \u00e9thique, ce qui donne une direction au processus. Un cadre peut aider avec ces \u00e9l\u00e9ments essentiels, mais il ne peut les remplacer.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Question 3<br \/>\u00ab J&rsquo;ai trouv\u00e9 la 6e question du cadre de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence [propos\u00e9 par Kass] tr\u00e8s int\u00e9ressante. Diriez-vous que la participation de la communaut\u00e9 est essentielle \u00e0 la d\u00e9termination des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices et des fardeaux du programme? Si oui, comment utiliseriez-vous ce cadre pour arbitrer les perspectives divergentes de la communaut\u00e9? [traduction] \u00bb<\/strong><br \/>La 6e question du cadre \u00e9thique de Kass (2001) est : \u00ab Comment les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices et les fardeaux peuvent-ils \u00eatre \u00e9quilibr\u00e9s \u00e9quitablement? [traduction libre] \u00bb Dans ce cadre, on fait appel explicitement \u00e0 la participation communautaire pour d\u00e9terminer si le programme pr\u00e9sente un \u00e9quilibre entre les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s et les fardeaux impos\u00e9s qui est \u00ab bon \u00bb ou \u00ab juste \u00bb pour, et selon, la communaut\u00e9 affect\u00e9e par le programme. Comme le \u00ab bon \u00bb \u00e9quilibre entre les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices et les fardeaux peut varier selon les valeurs de la communaut\u00e9, le cadre propose de faire appel \u00e0 des processus \u00e9quitables et d\u00e9mocratiques pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 cette question. Mais, curieusement, le cadre ne fait pas (du moins pas explicitement) appel \u00e0 la participation de la communaut\u00e9 pour d\u00e9terminer quels sont les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices et les fardeaux en question. Les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices sont d\u00e9crits comme des \u00ab objectifs de sant\u00e9 publique \u00bb et sont \u00e9valu\u00e9s principalement sur le plan de l&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9 (questions 1 et 2). Les fardeaux sont principalement r\u00e9partis en quatre types de risques (vie priv\u00e9e\/confidentialit\u00e9, libert\u00e9\/autod\u00e9termination, justice et sant\u00e9 des individus) qui devraient \u00eatre r\u00e9duits au minimum (questions 3 et 4). Les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices et les fardeaux devraient \u00e9galement \u00eatre distribu\u00e9s \u00e9quitablement (question 5). Si le temps et les ressources le permettent, le cadre pourrait \u00eatre utilis\u00e9 pour demander aux membres de la communaut\u00e9 de r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 toutes ces questions. Il ne semble pas y avoir de raisons th\u00e9oriques s&rsquo;y opposant. Un tel processus faciliterait probablement la prise en compte de b\u00e9n\u00e9fices et de fardeaux impr\u00e9vus, ainsi que des perspectives diff\u00e9rentes ou contradictoires au sein de la communaut\u00e9. Ces \u00e9l\u00e9ments, \u00e0 leur tour, pourraient aider \u00e0 trouver des fa\u00e7ons de maximiser les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices et minimiser les fardeaux, ainsi qu&rsquo;\u00e0 \u00e9valuer et \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer l&rsquo;\u00e9quit\u00e9 du programme.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Question 4<br \/>\u00ab Si nous \u00e9valuons un programme en fonction de sa capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer le bien-\u00eatre d&rsquo;une communaut\u00e9, en se basant sur la conception du bien-\u00eatre de la communaut\u00e9, alors la sant\u00e9 publique a-t-elle un r\u00f4le \u00e0 jouer dans le changement de cette conception (r\u00f4le de chef de file de la sant\u00e9 publique)? [traduction] \u00bb<br \/><\/strong>Cette question a \u00e9t\u00e9 soulev\u00e9e pendant que nous pr\u00e9sentions le cadre \u00e9thique propos\u00e9 Baum et ses coll\u00e8gues (2007). Ce cadre utilise la conception que se fait une communaut\u00e9 du bien-\u00eatre comme crit\u00e8re pour \u00e9valuer le principal r\u00e9sultat d&rsquo;un programme \u00e0 la place d&rsquo;un crit\u00e8re plus objectif, comme la sant\u00e9. La question nous demande de consid\u00e9rer, par exemple, le r\u00f4le que pourraient jouer les praticiens de la sant\u00e9 publique pour valoriser la sant\u00e9 dans une communaut\u00e9 qui ne lui accorde pas une place particuli\u00e8rement importante. Comment devrions-nous \u00e9valuer un tel plaidoyer? Il n&rsquo;y a pas de doute que le plaidoyer pour des normes sociales et des changements de valeur peut \u00eatre un r\u00f4le tr\u00e8s important, mais il peut aussi soulever des enjeux \u00e9thiques sp\u00e9cifiques. Ceux-ci seraient abord\u00e9s dans ce que Gostin (2001)* a appel\u00e9 l&rsquo;\u00e9thique pour la sant\u00e9 publique. Dans cet article, Gostin distingue l&rsquo;\u00e9thique <em>en<\/em>, <em>de<\/em>, et <em>pour<\/em> la sant\u00e9 publique. Le genre d&rsquo;\u00e9thique pratique que nous avons abord\u00e9 dans le webinaire correspond \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9thique <em>en<\/em> sant\u00e9 publique, c&rsquo;est-\u00e0-dire \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9thique appliqu\u00e9e aux enjeux qui surviennent dans la pratique. L&rsquo;\u00e9thique <em>de<\/em> la sant\u00e9 publique est li\u00e9e au professionnalisme et \u00e0 la d\u00e9ontologie. Elle comprend les codes de d\u00e9ontologie sp\u00e9cifiques aux professions de la sant\u00e9 publique. L&rsquo;\u00e9thique <em>pour<\/em> la sant\u00e9 publique regroupe quant \u00e0 elle les questions \u00e9thiques soulev\u00e9es lors du plaidoyer pour les valeurs ou les objectifs moraux de la sant\u00e9 publique, comme des collectivit\u00e9s saines et la justice sociale. \u00c0 notre connaissance, aucun cadre n&rsquo;a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 sp\u00e9cifiquement pour le plaidoyer en \u00e9thique de la sant\u00e9 publique ou pour guider la r\u00e9flexion dans l&rsquo;\u00e9thique pour la sant\u00e9 publique.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;\">*Gostin, L. O. (2001). Public health, ethics and human rights: A tribute to the late Jonathan Mann. Journal of Law, Medicine &amp; Ethics, 29, 121- 130.<\/span> <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Question 5<br \/>\u00ab Connaissez-vous des exemples d&rsquo;endroits o\u00f9 il est obligatoire d&rsquo;appliquer un cadre d&rsquo;\u00e9thique de sant\u00e9 publique \u00e0 la prise de d\u00e9cision? [traduction] \u00bb <\/strong><br \/>Non. Nous ne sommes pas au courant d&rsquo;endroits o\u00f9 des \u00e9valuations \u00e9thiques sont obligatoires en sant\u00e9 publique \u00e0 l&rsquo;ext\u00e9rieur des comit\u00e9s d&rsquo;\u00e9thique de la recherche et nous ne connaissons aucun cas o\u00f9 l&rsquo;utilisation d&rsquo;un cadre \u00e9thique lors de la prise de d\u00e9cision en sant\u00e9 publique est exig\u00e9e. Si quelqu&rsquo;un a un tel exemple \u00e0 partager, nous aimerions bien l&rsquo;entendre \u00e0 ce sujet. Il serait int\u00e9ressant de savoir s&rsquo;il y a des contextes similaires \u00e0 ceux o\u00f9 des \u00e9valuations environnementales ou des \u00e9valuations d&rsquo;impact sur la sant\u00e9 sont exig\u00e9es, mais o\u00f9 un examen portant sp\u00e9cifiquement sur les enjeux \u00e9thiques d&rsquo;un programme, d&rsquo;une politique ou d&rsquo;une loi de sant\u00e9 publique serait obligatoire.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb1_4&Prime; _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb3.25&Prime; custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb|||\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding__hover=\u00a0\u00bb|||\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb3.27.4&Prime; custom_margin=\u00a0\u00bb||17px|||\u00a0\u00bb]<strong>Enregistrement du webinaire<\/strong>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_video src=\u00a0\u00bbhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=RMwChcl8js0&Prime; _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.9.1&Prime; max_width=\u00a0\u00bb100%\u00a0\u00bb custom_margin=\u00a0\u00bb2px||100px||false|false\u00a0\u00bb hover_enabled=\u00a0\u00bb0&Prime; custom_css_main_element=\u00a0\u00bbfilter: drop-shadow(2px 4px 6px black);||\t\t\t margin-left: 2px;\u00a0\u00bb border_radii=\u00a0\u00bbon|15px|15px|15px|15px\u00a0\u00bb sticky_enabled=\u00a0\u00bb0&Prime;][\/et_pb_video][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb3.27.4&Prime; custom_margin=\u00a0\u00bb||17px|||\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n<p><strong>Pr\u00e9sentation ppt<br \/><\/strong>50 diapositives<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=\u00a0\u00bbhttps:\/\/ccnpps-ncchpp.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/03\/2017_Ineg_PolApprochesWebinaire14mars_EN.jpg\u00a0\u00bb url=\u00a0\u00bbhttps:\/\/ccnpps-ncchpp.ca\/docs\/2015_ethique_webinaire_24sept_Fr.pdf\u00a0\u00bb url_new_window=\u00a0\u00bbon\u00a0\u00bb _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.9.1&Prime; max_width=\u00a0\u00bb100%\u00a0\u00bb custom_margin=\u00a0\u00bb2px||2px||false|false\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb|||0px||\u00a0\u00bb hover_enabled=\u00a0\u00bb0&Prime; custom_css_main_element=\u00a0\u00bbfilter: drop-shadow(2px 4px 6px black);||\t\t\t margin-left: 2px;\u00a0\u00bb border_radii=\u00a0\u00bbon|12px|12px|12px|12px\u00a0\u00bb border_color_all=\u00a0\u00bb#000000&Prime; src__hover_enabled=\u00a0\u00bboff|desktop\u00a0\u00bb sticky_enabled=\u00a0\u00bb0&Prime;][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ce webinaire visait \u00e0 introduire ce qu&rsquo;est un cadre de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence en \u00e9thique de la sant\u00e9 publique et  \u00e0 appliquer des cadres \u00e0 des cas. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":15988,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"<p><strong>Presenters: <\/strong>Michael Keeling and Olivier Bellefleur (NCCHPP) <br \/>Date: October 1 in English; September 24, 2015 in French. <br \/>Time: 2 p.m. to 3 p.m. (EDT) <span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">.<\/span><br \/><br \/>During this webinar,\u00a0we introduced participants\u00a0to:<\/p><ul><li>The general nature and role of ethics frameworks in public health,<\/li><li>Summary versions of two public health ethics frameworks, and<\/li><li>Cases (drawn from public health and related to healthy public policy) for deliberation using those frameworks.<\/li><\/ul><table><tbody><tr><td><a href=\"\/docs\/2015_ethics_webinar_1oct_En.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Public Health Ethics in Practice: Applying Frameworks to Cases<\/a><br \/>50 Slides<br \/><img src=\"data:image\/jpg;base64,R0lGODlhEAAQAKIHAN3d3QAAAN0AAKqqqhEREYiIiLu7uwAAACH5BAEAAAcALAAAAAAQABAAAANLeBrcHioGQCslAr4NcA5CKIoTYRLgOE7VxrURYQ2DBUCKXBmFjR86yqBQg+UsBZ7lFzTUhrQBk8KLDguF3wRqozCvXW8MGxbnXI8EADsAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA==\" alt=\"\" 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alt=\"Image - first page of the presentation - click to download\" usemap=\"#rade_img_map_ctl00_content_RadEditor1_0\" longdesc=\"Image - first page of the presentation - click to download\" border=\"1\" \/><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Watch and listen to the <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/1QNslSL\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">recording of the webinar<br \/><\/a>Duration: 1 hour. Format: Adobe Presenter<\/td><td>\u00a0<img style=\"height: 142px; width: 184px; border-color: #808080;\" 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alt=\"Image - webinar video - click to watch\" usemap=\"#rade_img_map_ctl00_content_RadEditor1_1\" longdesc=\"Image - webinar video - click to watch\" border=\"1\" \/><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>A big part of this webinar\u00a0was focused on\u00a0a more in-depth application of\u00a0a framework to a case. Participants\u00a0had the opportunity\u00a0to both see and\u00a0contribute to\u00a0applying a framework to identify\u00a0the ethical implications that arise, and to deliberate towards a decision about what to do.<\/p><p>For participants who are less familiar with public health ethics, we recommended watching this 15-minute narrated <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncchpp.ca\/548\/Video.ccnpps?id_article=1487\">web presentation<\/a>\u00a0before the PowerPoint or the recording of the webinar. In it, we introduce and contextualize public health ethics.<\/p><p><strong>Post-script:<\/strong><br \/>During the webinar participants posed several excellent questions, more than we could address during the hour. We think that they may be of general interest so we have selected five and written short responses below. Two of these are translated from the original questions in French. All of questions and comments made during the webinar are accessible in the chat box in the recorded version, available through the link above. Thanks to everyone for your active engagement.<br \/><br \/><strong>Question 1<br \/>?Sometimes situations arise that demand relatively quick responses. Developing a logic model often takes too long so instead we quickly use our usual ethical decision making tool. Is this appropriate?? [Translation from Fr.]<\/strong> <br \/>The decision-making context and the time that is available for ethical reflection and deliberation will clearly influence the type of tools that will be chosen for use in a particular situation. During our presentation, we used a very simple logic model in an effort to make our understanding of the intervention's intended functioning more explicit. We used it to help us to think about the intervention's efficacy as well as to see what ethical issues might arise during the different steps of the intervention. The logic model is a complementary tool that we find useful, even when we develop it very rapidly and in a rudimentary way to show the basic chain of events leading to the intended effects. That said, we do not know of any ethics frameworks that require one to use such a logic model, and we certainly do not want to give anyone the impression that it is necessary to construct a logic model to analyze the ethical issues in a case. Thus, to respond more directly to your question, if your decision-making aid or tool helps you arrive at the most informed decision possible in a time-constrained situation, we would say use it and don't cut short the time you have available for thinking and deliberating by adding another tool or element to the decision-making process.<\/p><p><strong>Question 2<br \/>?When considering this framework, it has a strong ?flowchart-y' aspect to it, quite similar to that of an algorithm. Can you really argue that a framework is not an algorithm?? [translation] <\/strong><br \/>On different occasions during the webinar we mentioned that frameworks are not algorithms and that they must not be treated as such. That said, frameworks can certainly give one that impression when they propose a series of questions or principles to consider, often highly structured in order or as a series of steps. Some are still more directive as to how one is to resolve tensions that arise between principles or values. But ? unlike an algorithm, a framework does not show you, by itself, the ?right? decision to make. Frameworks are just tools that can serve as ethical guides to highlight issues, to help with thinking and debate. Our position is that what is most necessary is a critical perspective that can serve as a lens to thinking and deliberation, as well as a broad sense of why you are conducting an ethical analysis in order to drive the process; frameworks can help with these but cannot replace them.<\/p><p><strong>Question 3<br \/>?I found the 6th question in the framework [proposed by Kass] quite interesting. Would you agree that defining the benefits and burdens of the program would require much community input? If so how would you use this framework to balance diverging perspectives from the community?? <\/strong><br \/>The 6th question of Kass' 2001 ethics framework is: ?How can the benefits and burdens of a program be fairly balanced?? Within the framework, community input is explicitly called for when it comes to determining if the program presents a balance of benefits for the burdens imposed that is right for, and according to, the community affected by the program. Balancing benefits and burdens is certainly a difficult task, but it is crucial. Since the right balance may vary according to the values held by the community, the framework calls for equitable and democratic processes to answer this question. But, interestingly, the framework does not (at least not explicitly) call for community input when it comes to determining what those benefits are burdens are. The benefits are described in terms of ?public health goals? and are assessed primarily in terms of the effectiveness of the program (questions 1 and 2). The burdens are mostly characterized as four types of risks (privacy\/confidentiality, liberty\/self-determination, justice, and individuals' health) that should be minimized (questions 3 and 4). Benefits and burdens should also be fairly distributed (question 5). If time and resources allow, the framework could be used to find out how the members of the community would answer all of those questions. There do not seem to be any theoretical reasons against doing this. It would probably help to identify unintended benefits and burdens, as well as differing or conflicting perspectives within the community. This, in turn, could help find ways to maximize the benefits and minimize the burdens, as well as to evaluate and improve the fairness of the program.<\/p><p><strong>Question 4<br \/>?If we evaluate a program based on its ability to advance the community's conception of well-being, does public health have a role in changing that conception (leadership role of public health)?? <br \/><\/strong>This question was raised while we were presenting Baum et al.'s (2007) ethics framework which uses the community's own conception of well-being as the criterion for evaluating the program's main result instead of a more objective criterion like health. This question is asking us to consider, for example, what the role of public health practitioners would be in promoting health as a value in a community where health was not that highly valued? How do we assess their advocacy role? There is no doubt that advocating for social norms and value changes can be an highly important role, but it could also raise specific ethical issues that would be discussed in what Gostin (2001)* called ethics for public health. In this paper, he distinguished the ethics in, of, and for public health. The kind of practical ethics that we did in the webinar would fall more under the category of ethics in public health, that is, applied ethics relating to issues that arise in practice. The ethics of public health, related to professionalism and professional conduct, concerns codes of ethics specific to public health professions. Ethics for public health deals with the ethical issues raised in advocating for the values or the moral aims of public health, like healthy communities and social justice. To our knowledge, no framework has been developed specifically for advocacy in public health ethics, or the ethics for public health. <br \/><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #808080;\"><strong><br \/>*Gostin, L. O. (2001). Public health, ethics and human rights: A tribute to the late Jonathan Mann.<em> Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 29<\/em>, 121- 130.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><strong>Question 5<br \/>?Do you have examples where it is required that a public health oriented ethical framework be applied to decision making?? <\/strong><br \/>No, we don't. We are not aware of examples outside of ethics committees or ethics review boards in the domain of research, and we cannot think of any specifically mandated use of an ethics framework for decision-making in public health. If anyone has an example of this to share, we would sure like to hear about it. It would be interesting to hear if there are contexts similar to mandated environmental reviews or mandated health impact assessments, but relating to ethical review of a public health program, policy or legislation. <br \/><br \/><br \/><\/p><p>Should you have any questions, please contact us at: <a href=\"mailto:olivier.bellefleur@inspq.qc.ca\"><span style=\"color: #000066;\">olivier.bellefleur@inspq.qc.ca<\/span><\/a> \u00a0or <a href=\"mailto:michael.keeling@inspq.qc.ca\"><span style=\"color: #000066;\">michael.keeling@inspq.qc.ca<\/span><\/a>\u00a0.<\/p><p><map id=\"rade_img_map_ctl00_content_RadEditor1_0\" name=\"rade_img_map_ctl00_content_RadEditor1_0\"> <area coords=\"6,7,8,9\" shape=\"RECT\" \/> <area coords=\"6,7,181,138\" shape=\"RECT\" href=\"\/docs\/2015_ethics_webinar_1oct_En.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" \/><\/map> <map id=\"rade_img_map_ctl00_content_RadEditor1_1\" name=\"rade_img_map_ctl00_content_RadEditor1_1\"> <area coords=\"4,6,6,11\" shape=\"RECT\" \/> <area coords=\"4,6,181,141\" shape=\"RECT\" href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/1QNslSL\" target=\"_blank\" \/><\/map><\/p>","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[60,76,120,73],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2579","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ethique-en-sante-publique","category-presentations","category-presentations-ou-webinaires-fr","category-webinaires"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.5 (Yoast SEO v27.5) - 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